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by Marcia L. Conner 作者：瑪茜亞 L. 康娜 This introduction is dedicated to reviewing the informal learning literature, understanding the issues, and pointing you to additional resources.
非正式學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)至少已占組織內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)行為的75%。最有價(jià)值的學(xué)習(xí)常常是偶然發(fā)生的。然而，多數(shù)公司只關(guān)注正式學(xué)習(xí)項(xiàng)目，因而與大量有價(jià)值的學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)和成果失之交臂。 為了真正理解貴組織內(nèi)的學(xué)習(xí)情況，你可能會(huì)有興趣來了解一下何謂“非正式學(xué)習(xí)”——它已然存在、并被付諸耕耘和收獲更多知識(shí)的實(shí)踐——包括增加每個(gè)人的學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)的策略，以及管理和分享你的知識(shí)的方法。 What is informal learning?什么是非正式學(xué)習(xí)？ Most learning doesn't occur during formal training programs. It happens through processes not structured or sponsored by an employer or a school. Informal learning is the term I use to describe what happens the rest of the time. In order to truly differentiate between formal and informal, I also find it valuable to examine what is learned intentionally or accidentally.
多數(shù)學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)生在不是雇主（或?qū)W校）主導(dǎo)（或主辦）的過程中，而非正式培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目?！胺钦綄W(xué)習(xí)”是個(gè)術(shù)語，我用它來描述發(fā)生在正式學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間以外的學(xué)習(xí)。為了真正區(qū)分正式與非正式，我也發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)術(shù)語對(duì)于檢查所學(xué)內(nèi)容是計(jì)劃內(nèi)的收獲或意外所得很有價(jià)值。
Formal learning includes the hierarchically structured school system that runs from primary school through the university and organized school-like programs created in business for technical and professional training. 正式學(xué)習(xí)包括從小學(xué)到大學(xué)呈等級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的教育系統(tǒng)，以及有組織的專門培訓(xùn)——比如設(shè)于公司內(nèi)的技能或職業(yè)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目。
Informal learning describes a lifelong process whereby individuals acquire attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience and the educative influences and resources in his or her environment, from family and neighbors, from work and play, from the market place, the library and the mass media.
非正式學(xué)習(xí)描述了個(gè)體培養(yǎng)態(tài)度、收獲價(jià)值、學(xué)會(huì)技能、獲取知識(shí)的終身過程，其學(xué)習(xí)來源可能是日常經(jīng)歷、教育影響、他或她環(huán)境中的資源，也可能是家人或鄰里、工作或娛樂，甚至市場(chǎng)、圖書館或大眾媒體。
Intentional learning is the process whereby an individual aims to learn something and goes about achieving that objective. 有意學(xué)習(xí)個(gè)體以學(xué)會(huì)某事物會(huì)目標(biāo)、并為之努力的過程。
Accidental learning happens when in everyday activities an individual learns something that he or she had not intended or expected.
偶然學(xué)習(xí)指?jìng)€(gè)體在日?；顒?dòng)中無意間學(xué)會(huì)某事物。
I also sometimes refer to one more category: Non-formal learning. I define it is any organized educational activity outside the established formal system whether operating separately or as an important feature of some broader activity intended to serve identifiable learning objectives.
我有時(shí)也提到另一種類： 非正規(guī)學(xué)習(xí)。我把它定義為：在現(xiàn)有正規(guī)系統(tǒng)外的任何有組織的教育活動(dòng)，無論獨(dú)立運(yùn)行、或是為達(dá)到可識(shí)別學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)的更廣泛活動(dòng)的一個(gè)重要部分。
The distinctions between formal, informal, and non-formal were first developed in the 1950s by people working in the area of international development. In my experience and from the work we have done with organizations, there are far more opportunities for informal accidental learning than any other single type of learning.
1950年代，國(guó)際開發(fā)領(lǐng)域的人們首次進(jìn)行了正式、非正式、非正規(guī)學(xué)習(xí)的區(qū)分。以我的經(jīng)驗(yàn)及已與各組織完成的工作來看，非正式偶然學(xué)習(xí)與任一其他學(xué)習(xí)種類相比，前者擁有多得多的機(jī)會(huì)。
What are you learning informally?在非正式學(xué)習(xí)中，我們學(xué)什么？
When I ask groups, "where do you learn?" I hear the following: at work, in house, en route, on the run, in context, in situ, through search, by accident, with peers, from children, in press, across TV, by mistake, ah ha!, to escape. When I ask, "What is your favorite way to learn outside of formal programs?" I hear: reading journals or magazines, reading book(s), talking with experts, talking with peers, email or other written correspondence, and through a coach or mentor.
當(dāng)我問各小組“你們?cè)谀睦飳W(xué)習(xí)？”時(shí)，我聽到如下回答：工作中、家里、路上、奔跑中、語境里、在原處、通過搜索、偶然、和同伴一起、從小孩、從媒體、通過電視、 通過錯(cuò)誤、要逃跑時(shí)。當(dāng)我問“在正式項(xiàng)目以外，你們最喜歡的學(xué)習(xí)方式是什么？”我聽到：讀期刊雜志、讀書、與專家交談、與同伴交談、電子郵件或其他書面通信、通過教練或?qū)煛?/p>
Capital Works reported that we learn at work through the following means. 據(jù)資本工作有限責(zé)任公司報(bào)道，工作時(shí)我們通過以下途徑學(xué)習(xí)：
What can you do to understand the informal learning in your organization?為了理解在你所在組織中的非正式學(xué)習(xí)，你能做什么？
Where can you learn more?你可以在哪里了解更多？
Fast Company Magazine's new learning resource center features an article I wrote for them on the informal learning theme. "Still think learning means school? Expand your definition of learning to include conversations with your peers and your children, from books, articles, informal networks, Internet searching, television, and what you learn through trial and error. Use everything that happens in your world as a resource to learn more now." Learn More Now, Informally. Marcia L. Conner, May 2005.
《快速公司》雜志的新學(xué)習(xí)資源中心發(fā) 表了我為他們寫的一篇關(guān)于非正式學(xué)習(xí)的文章。“還認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)意味著學(xué)校？拓展你對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的定義吧，把你與同伴和孩子們的對(duì)話、你從書本、文章、非正式網(wǎng)絡(luò)、因 特網(wǎng)搜索、電視學(xué)到的，及你通過嘗試和錯(cuò)誤學(xué)到的包容進(jìn)來。現(xiàn)在，利用你的世界中發(fā)生的一切，把它作為一種資源，學(xué)習(xí)更多?！闭浴皩W(xué)習(xí)更多，非正式 地”，瑪茜亞 L. 康娜，2005年5月。
I published a chapter on Informal Learning in the book Leading Organizational Learning: Harnessing the Power of Knowledge. Marshall Goldsmith, Howard Morgan, Alexander J. Ogg (editors). Leader to Leader Institute. Jossey-Bass, 2004.
我在《引領(lǐng)組織學(xué)習(xí)：駕馭知識(shí)的力量》一書中寫了關(guān)于非正式學(xué)習(xí)的一章，馬歇爾· 古德史密斯、霍華德·摩根和亞歷山大 J. 奧閣（編輯），Leader to Leader研究所，Jossey-Bass出版社，2004年。
In addition, here is a list of articles, websites, and research related to informal learning. 另外，這里有個(gè)關(guān)于非正式學(xué)習(xí)的文章、網(wǎng)站、研究項(xiàng)目列表。
Articles 文章 There are not many articles available on informal learning but there are some. Please let me know if you find additional articles. I'll add to this list over time.關(guān)于非正式學(xué)習(xí)的文章不多，但總算還有一些。如果你找到更多的文章，請(qǐng)你告訴我。我會(huì)定期補(bǔ)充這個(gè)文章列表。Jay Cross wrote "Informal Learning: A Sound Investment," in October 2003 for Chief Learning Officer Magazine. I've worked with Jay for years and I'm thrilled some of my passion for informal learning has rubbed off on him! He also posted to his website some interesting informal learning facts and insights.
杰·克羅斯在2003年10月為《首席學(xué)習(xí)官》雜志寫了《非正式學(xué)習(xí)：明智的投資》一書。我曾與杰共事多年，我因自己對(duì)非正式學(xué)習(xí)的熱情傳染到他身上而感到興奮不已！他也會(huì)把一些有趣的非正式學(xué)習(xí)事例和深度觀察發(fā)表到他的網(wǎng)站。
Bob Mosher wrote, "The Power of Informal Learning," in the July 2004 Chief Learning Officer Magazine. Although more formal forms of instruction such as the classroom and e-learning will be around for years, it’s becoming more and more important to watch and harness the more informal methodologies that our students are utilizing. Most of these methods have been around for years, but have gone unnoticed by the training community.
鮑勃·莫希爾2004年7月為《首席學(xué)習(xí)官》雜志寫了《非正式學(xué)習(xí)的力量》一書。盡管更多的例如教室、在線學(xué)習(xí)等正式教學(xué)形式還會(huì)存在多年，但觀察和掌握更多的我們的學(xué)生正在使用的非正式學(xué)習(xí)方法正變得愈加重要。這些方法大多已存在多年，但現(xiàn)已消失，而培訓(xùn)社區(qū)卻注意不到。
David Grebow wrote "At the Water Cooler of Learning," in Transforming Culture: An Executive Briefing on the Power of Learning (June 2002). He explains that we have become obsessed with formal learning in the workplace. In our zeal to learn, we have transferred the formal model of learning into the collective mind of our corporations. Even e-learning is simply less-expensive formal learning at a distance.
大衛(wèi)·葛里鮑寫了《學(xué)習(xí)的冷卻器》，在轉(zhuǎn)換文化中：關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)的力量的執(zhí)行簡(jiǎn)報(bào)（2002年6月）。他解釋道，我們已被在工作場(chǎng)所的正式學(xué)習(xí)纏住了。在我們的學(xué)習(xí)熱情中，我們已經(jīng)把學(xué)習(xí)的正式模式轉(zhuǎn)化為我們公司的集體思維。哪怕在線學(xué)習(xí)就是更便宜，正式學(xué)習(xí)還是有相當(dāng)距離。
Dori Digenti wrote "Make Space for Informal Learning," in Learning Circuits (August 2000). She notes that one of the ways that elearning can help us to learn more effectively is through combining the strengths of design and technology to create informal learning environments.
Dori Digenti在《學(xué)習(xí)電路》雜志（2000年8月）發(fā)表了《為非正式學(xué)習(xí)創(chuàng)造空間》。她注意到，在線學(xué)習(xí)能幫助我們更有效率地學(xué)習(xí)的方法之一，是通過聯(lián)合設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)的力量、創(chuàng)造非正式學(xué)習(xí)的環(huán)境。
Steelcase's Paul Cornell summarizes the utility of informal learning and how organizations can begin to help the process along by creating both opportunities and online environments that support the meeting of people for new knowledge creation.
Steelcase公司的保羅·康奈爾總結(jié)了非正式學(xué)習(xí)的效用，以及組織如何才能開始通過創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)以及支持人們一起從事新知識(shí)創(chuàng)造的在線環(huán)境，來促進(jìn)非正式學(xué)習(xí)的過程。
Michele B. Medved wrote, "Creating an environment for ongoing learning," in Learning Circuits (May 2003). You will need to register to read this article, but it is free of charge.
Michele B. Medved在《學(xué)習(xí)電路》雜志（2003年5月）發(fā)表了《為持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)創(chuàng)造環(huán)境》。要讀這篇文章需注冊(cè)，但那是免費(fèi)的。
"Our Shared Playground: An Interview with Michael Schrage," Marcia Conner. LiNE Zine, Winter 2001.
“共同的天地：采訪Michael Schrage”瑪茜亞·康娜， LiNe Zine雜志，2001年冬。
Websites 網(wǎng)站
Though you can learn informally from most any website, there are also a few websites that focus on helping you learn about informal learning. 盡管你能在多數(shù)任意網(wǎng)站開展非正式學(xué)習(xí)，還是有一些網(wǎng)站專注于幫助你了解非正式學(xué)習(xí)。
Infed.org offers all sorts of terrific information on informal learning Infed.org提供各種關(guān)于非正式學(xué)習(xí)的信息。
Clark Quinn's Ottersurf offers a terrific informal learning framework. Clark Quinn的Ottersurf 提供一個(gè)很好的非正式學(xué)習(xí)框架。 Books 書籍There are a few books available on informal learning.
Creating a Learning Culture: Strategy, Practice, and Technology. Marcia L. Conner and James G. Clawson - editors (Cambridge, 2004) Learn More Now: 10 Simple Steps to Learning Better, Smarter, and Faster. Marcia L. Conner (Wiley, 2004) Leading Organizational Learning: Harnessing the Power of Knowledge. Marshall Goldsmith, Howard Morgan, Alexander J. Ogg - editors. Leader to Leader Institute. (Jossey-Bass, 2004) Beyond the Podium: Delivering Training and Performance to a Digital World. Allison Rossett, Kendra Sheldon. (Jossey-Bass Pfeffer, 2001). pp 210–227. Principles and Practice of Informal Education: Learning Through Life by Linda Deer Richardson and Mary Wolfe - editors (Routledge, 2001) Advances in Developing Human Resources: Informal Learning on the Job by Victoria J. Marsick and Marie Volpe - editors (Berrett-Koehler, 2000) Informal Learning in the Workplace: Unmasking Human Resource Development by John Garrick (Routledge, 1998) Informal Teaching and Learning: A Study of Everyday Cognition in a Greek Community by Rosemary C. Henze (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992) Research |
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