非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指的是在句中起名詞,形容詞或副詞作用的動(dòng)詞形式,而不是作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式。動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式分為動(dòng)名詞、分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式。
Climbing mountain is a good exercise.(climbing...動(dòng)名詞起名詞作用)
爬山是一項(xiàng)好運(yùn)動(dòng)。
Do you know the man wearing a white shirt ?(wearing ...分詞起形容詞作用)
你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)穿白襯衣的人嗎?
He gets up early to catch the first bus.(to catch ....不定式起副詞作用)
他早早起床是為了趕上第一班汽車。
分詞:
分詞可分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種,現(xiàn)在分詞的形式同動(dòng)名詞一樣,在動(dòng)詞后面加 ing 。 而過(guò)去分詞的形式則在動(dòng)詞后面加ed。分詞在句中可起形容詞或副詞的作用,作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。
分詞作定語(yǔ):
China is a developing country. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。
That's an interesting story. 這是一個(gè)有趣的故事。
The girl singing for us is ten years old. 給我們唱歌的女孩十歲了。
作定語(yǔ)的分詞要放在被修飾的名詞之前,如果是分詞詞組則放在被修飾的名詞之后,如被修飾的名詞是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等,分詞放在被修飾名詞的后面。
The working people have played a great role in the activity.
工人在這次活動(dòng)中起主要作用。
The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.
被汽車撞傷的小孩馬上被送到了醫(yī)院。
There is nothing interesting. 沒(méi)什么有趣的事。
分詞和動(dòng)名詞都可以作定語(yǔ),判斷是分詞還是動(dòng)名詞,可以根據(jù)它們和被修飾詞有無(wú)邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系來(lái)判斷,有主謂關(guān)系的是分詞,否則判斷為動(dòng)名詞。
a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。(分詞)
a swimming pool 游泳的池子 (動(dòng)名詞)
分詞作狀語(yǔ):
Being a student, he likes to help others. 作為一個(gè)學(xué)生,他喜歡幫助別人。
Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily. 戴了一副新眼鏡,她看書(shū)就好多了。
She is there waiting for us. 她在那兒等我們呢。
Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong. 經(jīng)老師一說(shuō),她知道自己不對(duì)。
分詞作表語(yǔ):
The story is interesting . 故事有趣。
We are interested in computer. 我們對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)感興趣。
The glass is broken. 玻璃杯破了。
The water is boiled. 水是開(kāi)的。
分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):可以跟賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等詞。
I saw him walking in the street. 我看見(jiàn)他在街上走。
I heard them singing in the classroom. 我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他們?cè)诮淌依锍琛?/p>
We found the boy sleeping. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)小孩睡著了。
have 后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用過(guò)去分詞常表示動(dòng)作不是句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的,而是由別人做的。
I have my hair cut. 我理發(fā)了。(是別人給我理發(fā))
She has her bike repaired. 她把自行車修理了。(別人修理的)
They have their house rebuilt. 他們重修了房子。
分詞的否定形式:not + 分詞
Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.
不知道下一步干什么,她停下來(lái)等著。
Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn't dare to go to school.
小女孩沒(méi)完成作業(yè)不敢去學(xué)校。
延伸:分詞的時(shí)態(tài)
分詞的一般時(shí)表示動(dòng)作同謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或之前發(fā)生。
Seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing.
看到老師進(jìn)來(lái),學(xué)生們停下來(lái)不玩了。
Coming into the room, he lied on his bed. 回到家后,他就躺在床上。
分詞的完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的前面發(fā)生。
Having received a letter, I knew everything is all right.
收到一封信后,我知道一切都很好。
Having had my supper, I went out for a walk.
晚飯后,我出去散步了。
Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.
他知道自己比賽獲勝,高興地把帽子扔上了天。
分詞的被動(dòng)形式:分詞的被動(dòng)形式表示分詞動(dòng)作同所修飾的名詞有一種被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
The entertainment building being built will be completed next year.
正在建設(shè)的娛樂(lè)大樓明年完工。
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