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芒格的存在，對我們而言是一種幸運。

2007年5月，在南加州大學（USC）的校友公園，查理·芒格向剛獲得學位的194 名法學博士、89名法學碩士和3名比較法碩士發(fā)表了演講。他告訴大家他是如何獲得成功、獲得精彩人生的。

演講雖用語簡單，但句句深藏智慧。芒格指出，獲得智慧是一種道德責任，并強調，雖然他讀的是法學院，但若要在生活中和學習上取得成功，最好的辦法是掌握多門學科的知識。 

而這場演講，也注定成為了經典... ...

查理·芒格2007年在南加州大學

畢業(yè)典禮上的演講視頻（中英字幕）

【演講全文中英文稿】

Well no doubt many of you are wondering why the speaker is so old, well the answer is obviously he hasn’t died yet. And why was the speaker chosen? Well I don’t know that either. I like to think that the development department had nothing to do with it.

你們當中肯定有許多人會覺得奇怪：這么老還能來演講。嗯，答案很明顯：他還沒有死。為什么要請這個人來演講呢？我也不知道，我希望學校的發(fā)展部跟這沒什么關系。

Whatever the reason I think it’s very fitting that I'm sitting here because I see one crowd of faces in the rear not wearing robes, and I know, from having educated an army of descendants, who really deserves a lot of the honors that are being given are the people here upfront.The sacrifice and the wisdom and the value transfer that comes from one generation to the next can never be underrated.

不管怎么樣，我想我來這里演講是合適的，因為我看到后面有一排年紀較大且沒有穿學位禮服的（家長）聽眾。我自己養(yǎng)育過許多子女，我知道他們真的比坐在前面這些穿學位禮服的學生更感光榮。父母為子女付出了很多心血，把智慧和價值傳授給子女，他們應該永遠受到尊敬。

And that gives me enormous pleasure as I look at this sea of Asian faces to my left. All my life I’ve admired Confucius. I like the idea of filial piety, the idea that there are values that are taught and duties that come naturally and all that should be passed on to the next generation.And you people who don’t think there’s anything in this idea, please note how fast these Asian faces are rising in American life.I think they have something.

我還很高興地看到我的左邊有許多亞洲人的面孔，我這輩子一直很崇拜孔子，我很喜歡孔子關于“孝道”的思想，他認為孝道既是天生的，也需要教育，應該代代相傳。你們大家可別小看這些思想，請留意在美國社會中亞洲人的地位上升得有多快。我認為這些思想很重要。

All right, I scratched out a few notes and I’m going to try and just give an account of some ideas and attitudes that have worked well for me. I don’t claim that they are perfect for everybody. Although I think many of them are pretty close to Universal values and many of them are can’t fail ideas.

好啦，我已經把今天演講的幾個要點寫了下來，下面就來介紹那些對我來說最有用的道理和態(tài)度。我并不認為它們對每個人而言都是完美的，但我認為它們之中有許多具有普遍價值，也有許多是“屢試不爽”的道理。

What are the core ideas that have helped me?Well luckily I got at a very early age, the idea that the safest way to try and get what you want, is to try and deserve what you want.It’s such a simple idea, it’s the golden rule so to speak.You want to deliver to the world what you would buy if you were on the other end.There is no ethos in my opinion, that is better for any lawyer or any other person to have. By and large the people who have this ethos win in life and they don’t win just money, just honors emoluments. They win the respect, the deserved trust, of the people they deal with, and there is huge pleasure in life to be obtained from getting deserved trust.And so the way to get it is to deliver what you’d want to buy if the circumstances were reversed.

是哪些重要的道理幫助了我呢？我非常幸運，很小的時候就明白了這樣一個道理：要得到你想要的某樣東西，最可靠的辦法是讓你自己配得上它。這是一個十分簡單的道理，是黃金法則。你們要學會己所不欲，勿施于人。在我看來，無論是對律師還是對其他人來說，這都是他們最應該有的精神?？偟膩碚f，擁有這種精神的人在生活中能夠贏得許多東西，他們贏得的不止是金錢和名譽。還贏得尊敬，理所當然地贏得與他們打交道的人的信任。能夠贏得別人的信任是非?？鞓返氖虑?。

Occasionally you find a perfect rogue of a person, who dies rich and widely known. But mostly these people are fully understood by the surrounding civilization, and when the cathedral is full of people at the funeral ceremony, most of them are there to celebrate the fact that the person is dead.

有的時候你們會發(fā)現(xiàn)有些徹頭徹尾的惡棍死的時候既富裕又有名，但是周圍絕大多數(shù)人都認為他們死有余辜。如果教堂里滿是參加葬禮的人，其中大多數(shù)人去那里是為了慶祝這個小子終于死了。

And, that reminds me of the story of the time when one of these people died and the minister said, “it’s now time for someone to say something nice about the deceased”.

And nobody came forward.
And nobody came forward.
And nobody came forward.

And finally one man came up and he said, “well, his brother was worse”.
That is not where you want to go! That’s not the kind of funeral you want to have you'll leave entirely the wrong example.

這讓我想起了一個故事——有一個這樣的混蛋死掉了，神父說：“有人愿意站出來，對死者說點好話嗎？”沒有人站出來，好長時間沒有人站出來，最后有個人站了出來，他說：“好吧，他的兄弟更糟糕。”。這不是你們想要得到的下場，以這樣的葬禮告終的生活，不是你們想要的生活。

A second idea that I got very early was that there is no love that’s so right as admiration based love, and that love should include the instructive dead. Somehow I got that idea and I lived with it all my life and it’s been very very useful to me. A love like that celebrated by Somerset Maugham and his book “Of Human Bondage” that’s a sick kind of love, it’s a disease. And if you find yourself in a disease like that my advice to you is turn around and fix it. Eliminate it.

我很小就明白的第二個道理是，正確的愛應該以仰慕為基礎，而且我們應該去愛那些對我們有教育意義的先賢。我懂得這個道理且一輩子都在實踐它。薩默賽特·毛姆（Somerset Maugham）在他的小說《人性的枷鎖》中描繪的愛是一種病態(tài)的愛，那是一種病，如果你們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己有這種病，應該趕快把它治好。

Another idea that I got and this may remind you of Confucius too, is that wisdom acquisition is a moral duty, it’s not something you do just to advance in life. Wisdom acquisition is a moral duty. And there’s a corollary to that proposition which is very important, it means that you’re hooked for lifetime learning, and without lifetime learning you people are not going to do very well. You are not going to get very far in life based on what you already know. You’re going to advance in life by what you’re going to learn after you leave here.

另外一個道理——這個道理可能會讓你們想起孔子——是，獲得智慧是一種道德責任，它不僅僅是為了讓你們的生活變得更加美好。有一個相關的道理非常重要，那就是你們必須堅持終身學習。如果不終身學習，你們將不會取得很高的成就。光靠已有的知識，你們在生活中走不了多遠。離開這里以后，你們還得繼續(xù)學習，這樣才能在生活中走得更遠。

If you take Berkshire Hathaway which is certainly one of the best regarded corporations in the world and may have the best long-term investment record in the entire history of civilization. The skill that got Berkshire through one decade would not have sufficed to get it through the next decade with the achievements made. Without Warren Buffett being a learning machine, a continuous learning machine, the record would have been absolutely impossible.

就以世界上最受尊敬的公司伯克希爾·哈撒韋來說，它的長期大額投資業(yè)績可能是人類有史以來最出色的。讓伯克希爾在這一個十年中賺到許多錢的方法，在下一個十年未必還能那么管用，所以沃倫·巴菲特不得不成為一部不斷學習的機器。

The same is true at lower walks of life. I constantly see people rise in life who are not the smartest, sometimes not even the most diligent, but they are learning machines, they go to bed every night a little wiser than when they got up and boy does that help particularly when you have a long run ahead of you.

層次較低的生活也有同樣的要求，我不斷地看到有些人在生活中越過越好，他們不是最聰明的，甚至不是最勤奮的，但他們是學習機器，他們每天夜里睡覺時都比那天早晨聰明一點點。孩子們，這種習慣對你們很有幫助，特別是在你們還有很長的路要走的時候。

Alfred North Whitehead said it one time that “the rapid advance of civilization came only when man invented the method of invention”, and of course he was referring to the huge growth of GDP per capita and all the other good things that we now take for granted which started a few hundred years ago and before that all was stasis. So if civilization can progress only when it invents the method of invention, you can progress only when you learn the method of learning.

阿爾弗雷德·諾斯·懷特海曾經說過一句很正確的話，他說只有當人類“發(fā)明了發(fā)明的方法”之后，人類社會才能快速地發(fā)展。他指的是人均GDP的巨大增長和其他許多我們今天已經習以為常的好東西。人類社會在幾百年前才出現(xiàn)了大發(fā)展，在那之前，每個世紀的發(fā)展幾乎等于零。人類社會只有發(fā)明了發(fā)明的方法之后才能發(fā)展，同樣的道理，你們只有學習了學習的方法之后才能進步。

I was very lucky. I came to law school having learned the method of learning and nothing has served me better in my long life than continuous learning. And if you take Warren Buffett and watched him with a time clock, I would say half of all the time he spends is sitting on his ass and reading. And a big chunk of the rest of the time is spent talking one on one either on the telephone or personally with highly gifted people whom he trusts and who trust him. In other words it looks quite academic all this worldly success.

我非常幸運。我讀法學院之前就已經學會了學習的方法。在我這漫長的一生中，沒有什么比持續(xù)學習對我的幫助更大。再拿沃倫·巴菲特來說，如果你們拿著計時器觀察他，會發(fā)現(xiàn)他醒著的時候有一半時間是在看書。他把剩下的時間大部分用來跟一些非常有才干的人進行一對一的交談，有時候是打電話，有時候是當面，那些都是他信任且信任他的人。仔細觀察的話，沃倫很像個學究，雖然他在世俗生活中非常成功。

Academia has many wonderful values in it. I came across such a value not too long ago. It was several years ago. In my capacity as a hospital board chairman I was dealing with a medical school academic. And this man over years of hard work had made himself know more about bone tumor pathology than almost anybody else in the world. And he wanted to pass this knowledge on to the rest of us.

學術界有許多非常有價值的東西。不久之前我就遇到一個例子，我是一家醫(yī)院的理事會主席，在工作中接觸到一個叫約瑟夫·米拉的醫(yī)學研究人員。這位仁兄是醫(yī)學博士，他經過多年的鉆研，成為世界上最精通骨腫瘤病理學的人。他想要傳播這種知識，提高骨癌的治療效果。

And how was he going to do it? Well he decided to write a textbook that would be very useful to other people.And I don’t think a textbook like this sells two thousand copies if those two thousand copies are in all the major cancer centers in the world.

He took a year sabbatical, he sat down in his computer and he had all the slides because he saved them and organized them and filed them. He worked 17 hours a day, 7 days a week, for a year and that was his sabbatical. At the end of the year he had one of the great bone tumor pathology textbooks in the world. When you’re around values like that, you want to pick up as much as you can.

他是怎么做的呢？嗯，他決定寫一本教科書，雖然我認為這種教科書最多只能賣幾千冊，但世界各地的癌癥治療中心都買了它。他休了一年假，把所有的X光片弄到電腦里，仔細地保存和編排，他每天工作17小時，每周工作七天，整整堅持了一年。這也算是休假啊。假期結束的時候，他寫出了世界上最好的兩本骨癌病理學教科書中的一本。如果你們的價值跟米拉差不多，你們想要獲得多大的成就就能獲得多大的成就。

Another idea that was hugely useful to me was that I listened in law school when some wag said, “A legal mind is a mind that when two things are all twisted up together and interacting, it's feasible to think responsibly about one thing and not the other.'

另一個對我非常有用的道理是我當年在法學院學到的。那時有位愛開玩笑的教授說：“什么是法律頭腦？如果有兩件事交織在一起，相互之間有影響，你努力只考慮其中一件，而完全不顧另一件，以為這種思考方式既實用又可行的頭腦就是法律頭腦?！?/span>

Well I could see from that one sentence that that was perfectly ridiculous, and it pushed me further into my natural drift, which was into learning all the big ideas and all the big disciplines. So I wouldn’t be a perfect damn fool who was trying to think about one aspect of something that couldn’t be removed from the totality of the situation in a constructive fashion.

我知道他是在說反話，他說的那種“法律”方法是很荒唐的。這給了我很大的啟發(fā)，因為它促使我去學習各學科中所有的重要道理，這樣我就不會成為那位教授所描繪的蠢貨。

And what I noted since the really big ideas carry 95% of the *unclear*, it wasn’t at all hard for me to pick up all the big ideas and all the big disciplines and make them a standard part of my mental routines. Once you have the ideas of course they are no good if you don’t practice. You don’t practice you lose it. So I went through life constantly practicing this model of disciplinary approach. 

因為真正重要的大道理占每個學科95%的份量，所以對我而言，從所有的學科吸取我所需要的95%的知識，并將它們變成我思維習慣的一部分，也不是很難的事情。當然，掌握了這些道理后之后，你們必須通過實踐去使用它們。這就像鋼琴演奏家，如果不持續(xù)練習，就不可能彈得很好。所以我這輩子不斷地實踐那種跨學科的方法。

Well I can’t tell you what that’s done for me, it’s made life more fun, it’s made me more constructive, it’s made me more helpful to others, it’s made me enormously rich, you name it, that attitude really helps.

這種習慣幫了我很多忙，它讓生活更有樂趣，讓我能做更多的事情，讓我變得更有建設性，讓我變得非常富有，而這無法用天分來解釋。我的思維習慣只要得到正確的實踐，真的很有幫助。

Now there are dangers there, because it works so well, that if you do it, you will frequently find you are sitting in the presence of some other expert, maybe even an expert that’s superior to you, supervising you. And you will know more than he does about his own specialty, a lot more. You will see the correct answer when he’s missed it.

但這種習慣也會帶來危險，因為它太有用了，如果你們使用它，當你們和其他學科的專家——也許這位專家甚至是你們的老板，能夠輕而易舉地傷害你們——在一起時，你們會常常發(fā)現(xiàn)，原來你們的知識比他更豐富，更能夠解決他所遇到的問題，當他束手無策的時候，你們有時會知道正確的答案。

That is a very dangerous position to be in. You can cause enormous offense by helpfully being right in a way that causes somebody else to lose face. And I never found a perfect way to solve that problem.

遇到這樣的情況是非常危險的，如果你們的正確讓有身份有地位的人覺得沒面子，可能會引發(fā)極大的報復心理。我還沒有找到避免受這個嚴重問題傷害的完美方法。

I was a great poker player when I was young but I wasn’t a good enough poker player so people failed to sense that I thought I knew more than they did about their subjects and it gave a lot of offense. Now I’m just regarded as eccentric but it was a difficult period to go through. And my advice to you is to learn sometimes to keep your light under a bushel.

盡管我年輕時撲克牌玩得很好，但在我認為我知道的比上級多的時候，我不太擅長掩飾自己的想法，沒有很謹慎地去努力掩飾自己的想法，所以我總是得罪人?，F(xiàn)在人們通常把我當成一個行將就木的沒有惡意的古怪老頭，但在從前，我有過一段很艱難的日子。我建議你們不要學我，最好學會隱藏你們的睿智。

One of my colleagues, also number one in his class in law school, a great success in life worked for the supreme court etc… He knew a lot and he tended to show it as a very young lawyer and one day the senior partner called him in and said, “l(fā)isten Chuck, I want to explain something to you. Your duty under any circumstances is to behave in such a way that the client thinks he’s the smartest person in the world. If you have any little energy and insight available after that, use it to make your senior partner look like the smartest person in the world. And only after you’ve satisfied those two obligations do you want your light to shine at all”.

我有個同事，他從法學院畢業(yè)時成績是全班第一名，曾在美國最高法院工作過，年輕時當過律師，當時他總是表現(xiàn)出見多識廣的樣子。有一天，他上級的高級合伙人把他叫進辦公室，對他說：“聽好了，查克，我要向你解釋一些事情，你的工作和職責是讓客戶認為他是房間里最聰明的人。如果你完成了這項任務之后還有多余的精力，應該用它來讓你的高級合伙人顯得像是房間里第二聰明的人。只有履行了這兩條義務之后，你才可以表現(xiàn)你自己?！?/span>

Well, that may be very good advice for rising in a large firm. It wasn’t what I did I always obeyed the drift of my nature and if other people didn’t like it I didn’t need to be adored by everybody.

嗯，那是一種在大型律師事務所里往上爬的好辦法，但我并沒有那么做。我通常率性而為，如果有人看不慣我的作風，那就隨便咯，我又不需要每個人都喜歡我。

Another idea, and by the way when I talk about this multidisciplinary attitude I’m really following a very key idea of the greatest lawyer of antiquity, Marcus Tullius Cicero. Cicero is famous for saying, “a man who doesn’t know what happened before he was born goes through life like a child”. That is a very correct idea of Cicero’s. And he’s right to ridicule somebody so foolish as not to know what happened before he was born.

我想進一步解釋為什么人們必須擁有跨科學的心態(tài)，才能高效而成熟地生活。在這里，我想引用古代最偉大的律師馬爾庫斯·圖魯斯·西塞羅的一個重要思想。西塞羅有句話很著名，他說，如果一個人不知道他出生之前發(fā)生過什么事情，在生活中就會像一個無知的孩童。這個道理非常正確，西塞羅正確地嘲笑了那些愚蠢得對歷史一無所知的人。

But if you generalize Cicero as I think one should, there are all these other things that you should know in addition to history and those other things are the big ideas in all the other disciplines. And it doesn’t help you just to know them enough just so you can *unclear* them back on an exam and get an A. You have to learn these things in such a way that they’re in a mental latticework in your head and you automatically use them for the rest of your life.

但如果你們將西塞羅這句話推而廣之——我認為你們應該這么做——除了歷史之外，還有許多東西是人們必須了解的。所謂的許多東西就是所有學科的重要思想。但如果你對一種知識死記硬背，以便能在考試中取得好成績，這種知識對你們不會有太大的幫助。你們必須掌握許多知識，讓它們在你們的頭腦中形成一個思維框架，在隨后的日子里能自動地運用它們。

If you do that I solemnly promise you that one day you’ll be walking down the street and look to your right and left and think, “my heavenly days! I’m now one of the few most competent people of my whole age forward.' If you don’t do it, many of the brightest of you will live in the middle ranks or in the shallows.

如果你們能夠做到這一點，我鄭重地向你們保證，總有一天你們會在不知不覺中意識到：“我已經成為我的同齡人中最有效率的人之一”。與之相反，如果不努力去實踐這種跨科學的方法，你們中的許多最聰明的人只會取得中等成就，甚至生活在陰影中。

Another idea that I got, and it was encapsulated by that story the Dean recounted about the man who wanted to know where he was going to die and he wouldn’t go there, that rustic let that idea have a profound truth in his hand.

我發(fā)現(xiàn)的另外一個道理蘊含在麥卡弗雷院長剛才講過的故事中，故事里的鄉(xiāng)下人說：“要知道我會死在哪里就好啦，我將永遠不去那個地方。”這鄉(xiāng)下人說的話雖然聽起來很荒唐，卻蘊含著一個深刻的道理。

The way complex adaptive systems work and the way mental constructs work; problems frequently get easier and I would even say usually are easier to solve if you turn around in reverse.

對于復雜的適應系統(tǒng)以及人類的大腦而言，如果采用逆向思考，問題往往會變得更容易解決。如果你們把問題反過來思考，通常就能夠想得更加清楚。

In other words if you want to help India, the question you should ask is not “how can I help India?”, you think “what’s doing the worst damage in India? What would automatically do the worst damage and how do I avoid it?' 

例如，如果你們想要幫助印度，應該考慮的問題不是“我要怎樣才能幫助印度？”與之相反，你們應該問：“我要怎樣才能損害印度？”你們應該找到能對印度造成最大損害的事情，然后避免去做它。

You’d think they are logically the same thing, they’re not. Those of you who have mastered algebra know that inversion frequently will solve problems which nothing else will solve. And in life, unless you’re more gifted than Einstein, inversion will help you solve problems that you can't solve in other ways.

也許從邏輯上來看兩種方法是一樣的，但那些精通代數(shù)的人知道，如果問題很難解決，利用反向證明往往就能迎刃而解。生活的情況跟代數(shù)一樣，逆向思考能夠幫助你們解決正面思考無法處理的問題。

But to use a little inversion now, what will really fail in life? What do you want to avoid? Such an easy answer; sloth and unreliability. If you’re unreliable it doesn’t matter what your virtues are, you’re going to crater immediately. So doing what you have faithfully engaged to do should be an automatic part of your conduct. You want to avoid sloth and unreliability.

讓我現(xiàn)在就來使用一點逆向思考。什么會讓我們在生活中失敗呢？我們應該避免什么呢？有些答案很簡單，例如，懶惰和言而無信會讓我們在生活中失敗。如果你們言而無信，就算有再多的優(yōu)點，也無法避免悲慘的下場。所以你們應該養(yǎng)成言出必行的習慣，懶惰和言而無信是顯然要避免的。

Another thing I think should be avoided is extremely intense ideology because it cabbages up one’s mind. You’ve seen that. You see a lot of it on TV you know preachers for instance, you know they’ve all got different ideas about theology and a lot of them have minds that are made of cabbage.

另外要避免的是極端的意識形態(tài)，因為它會讓人們喪失理智。你們看到電視上有許多非常糟糕的宗教布道者，他們對神學中的細枝末節(jié)持有不相同、強烈的、前后矛盾的神學觀點，偏偏又非常固執(zhí)，我看他們中有許多人的腦袋已經萎縮成卷心菜了。

But that can happen with political ideology. And if you're young it’s easy to drift in to loyalties and when you announce that you’re a loyal member and you start shouting the orthodox ideology out what you’re doing is pounding it in, pounding it in and you’re gradually ruining your mind so you want to be very careful with this ideology. It’s a big danger.

政治意識形態(tài)的情況也一樣。年輕人特別容易陷入強烈而愚蠢的意識形態(tài)中，而且永遠走不出來。當你們宣布你們是某個類似邪教團體的忠實成員，并開始倡導該團體的正統(tǒng)意識形態(tài)時，你們所做的就是將這種意識形態(tài)不斷地往自己的頭腦里塞。這樣你們的頭腦就會壞掉，而且有時候是以驚人的速度壞掉。所以你們要非常小心地提防強烈的意識形態(tài)，它對你們的寶貴頭腦是極大的危險。

In my mind I got a little example I use whenever I think about ideology and it’s these Scandinavian canoeists who succeeded in taming all the rapids of Scandinavia and they thought they would tackle the whirlpools in the Aaron Rapids here in the United States. The death rate was 100%. A big whirlpool is not something you want to go into and I think the same is true about a really deep ideology.

每當我感到自己有陷入某種強烈的意識形態(tài)的危險時，我就會拿下面這個例子來提醒自己，有些玩獨木舟的斯堪的納維亞人征服了斯堪的納維亞所有的激流，他們認為他們也能駕駛獨木舟順利地征服北美洲的大漩渦，結果死亡率是百分之百。大漩渦是你們應避開的東西，強烈的意識形態(tài)也是，尤其是你們的同伴全都是虔誠的信徒時。

I have what I call an iron prescription that helps me keep sane when I naturally drift toward preferring one ideology over another. And that is I say “I’m not entitled to have an opinion on this subject unless I can state the arguments against my position better than the people do who are supporting it. I think only when I reach that stage am I qualified to speak.”

我有一條“鐵律”，它幫助我在偏向于支持某種強烈的意識形態(tài)時保持清醒。那就是：“我沒資格擁有一種觀點，除非我能比我的對手更好地反駁我的立場。我認為我只有在達到這個境界時才有資格發(fā)表意見。”

Now you can say that’s too much of an iron discipline, it’s not too much of an iron discipline, it’s not even that hard to do. It sounds a lot like the iron prescription of Ferdinand the Great, “it’s not necessary to hope in order to persevere.'

迪安·艾奇遜* 有一條“鐵律”，它來自奧蘭治的沉默者威廉說過的一句話，那句話的意思大概是“未必要有希望才能堅持”。

That probably is too tough for most people, I don’t think it’s too tough for me but it's too tough for most people. But this business of not drifting into extreme ideology is a very very important thing in life if you want to have more correct knowledge and be wiser than other people. A heavy ideology is very likely to do you in.

我的做法聽起來跟這條“鐵律”一樣極端，對大多數(shù)人而言，這么做可能太難了，但我希望對我來說它永遠不會變得太難。我這種避免陷入強烈的意識形態(tài)的方法其實比迪安·艾奇遜的“鐵律”更容易，也值得學習。這種別陷入極端意識形態(tài)的方法在生活中是非常非常重要的，如果你們想要成為明智的人，嚴重的意識形態(tài)很有可能會導致事與愿違。

Another thing of course that does one in is the self serving bias to which we are all subject. You think that your little me is entitled to do what it wants to do, and for instance why shouldn’t the true little me overspend my income?

有一種叫做“自我服務偏好”的心理因素也經常導致人們做傻事，它往往是潛意識的，所有人都難免受其影響。你們認為“自我”有資格去做它想做的事情，例如，透支收入來滿足它的需求，那有什么不好呢？

Well, there once was a man who became the most famous composer in the world but he was utterly miserable most of the time and one of the reasons was he always overspent his income, that was Mozart. If Mozart can’t get by with this kind of asinine conduct, I don’t think you should try it.

嗯，從前有一個人，他是全世界最著名的作曲家，可是他大部分時間過得非常悲慘，原因之一就是他總是透支他的收入。那位作曲家叫做莫扎特。連莫扎特都無法擺脫這種愚蠢行為的毒害，我覺得你們更不應該去嘗試它。

Generally speaking, envy, resentment, revenge and self pity are disastrous modes of thought, self-pity gets pretty close to paranoia, and paranoia is one of the very hardest things to reverse, you do not want to drift into self-pity.

總的來說，嫉妒、怨憎、仇恨和自憐都是災難性的思想狀態(tài)。過度自憐可以讓人近乎偏執(zhí)，偏執(zhí)是最難逆轉的東西之一，你們不要陷入自憐的情緒中。

I have a friend who carried a big stack of linen cards about this thick, and when somebody would make a comment that reflected self pity, he would take out one of the cards, take the top one off the stack and hand it to the person, and the card said, “your story has touched my heart, never have I heard of anyone with as many misfortunes as you”. Well you can say that’s waggery, but I suggest that every time you find you’re drifting into self pity, I don’t care what the cause your child could be dying of cancer, self-pity is not going to improve the situation, just give yourself one of those cards.

我有個朋友，他隨身攜帶一疊厚厚的卡片，每當有人說了自憐的話，他就會慢慢地、夸張地掏出那一疊卡片，將最上面那張交給說話的人?？ㄆ蠈懼澳愕墓适伦屛液芨袆?，我從來沒有聽過有人像你這么倒霉。”你們也許認為這是開玩笑，但我認為這是精神衛(wèi)生。每當你們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己產生了自憐的情緒，不管是什么原因，哪怕由于自己的孩子患上癌癥即將死去，你們也要想到，自憐是于事無補的。這樣的時候，你們要送給自己一張我朋友的卡片。

It’s a ridiculous way to behave, and when you avoid it you get a great advantage over everybody else, almost everybody else, because self-pity is a standard condition and yet you can train yourself out of it.

自憐總是會產生負面影響，它是一種錯誤的思維方式。如果你們能夠避開它，你們的優(yōu)勢就遠遠大于其他人，或者幾乎所有的人，因為自憐是一種標準的反應。你們可以通過訓練來擺脫它。

And of course a self serving bias, you want to get out of yourself, thinking that what’s good for you is good for the wider civilization and rationalizing all these ridiculous conclusions based on the subconscious tendency to serve one’s self. It’s a terribly inaccurate way to think and of course you want to drive that out of yourself because you want to be wise not foolish.

你們當然也要在自己的思維習慣中消除自我服務的偏好，別以為對你們有利的就是對整個社會有利的，也別根據(jù)這種自我中心的潛意識傾向來為你們愚蠢或邪惡的行為辯解，那是一種可怕的思考方式。你們要讓自己擺脫這種心理，因為你們想成為智者而不是傻瓜，想做好人而不是壞蛋。

You also have to allow for the self serving bias of everybody else, because most people are not gonna remove it all that successfully, the only condition being what it is. If you don’t allow for self serving bias in your conduct, again you’re a fool.

你們必須在自己的認知行動中允許別人擁有自我服務的偏好，因為大多數(shù)人無法非常成功地清除這種心理，人性就是這樣。如果你們不能容忍別人在行動中表現(xiàn)出自我服務的偏好，那么你們又是傻瓜。

I watched the brilliant Harvard law Review trained general counsel of *unclear* lose his career, and what he did was when the CEO was aware some underling has done something wrong the general counsel said “gee we don’t have any legal duty to report this but I think it’s what we should do it’s our moral duty.'

所羅門兄弟公司的法律顧問曾經做過《哈佛法學評論》的學生編輯，是個聰明而高尚的人，但我親眼看到他毀掉了自己的前途。當時那位能干的CEO說有位下屬做錯了事，總顧問說：“哦，我們在法律上沒有責任匯報這件事，但我認為那是我們應該做的，那是我們的道德責任。”

Of course the general counsel was totally correct but of course it didn’t work it was a very unpleasant thing for the CEO to do and he put it off and put if off and of course everything erode into a major scandal and down went the CEO and the general counsel with him.

從法律和道德上來講，總顧問是正確的，但他的方法卻是錯誤的。他建議日理萬機的CEO去做一件令人不愉快的事情，而CEO總是把這件事一推再推，因為他很忙嘛，完全可以理解，他并不是故意要犯錯。后來呢，主管部門責怪他們沒有及時通報情況，所以CEO和總顧問都完蛋了。

The correct answer in situations like that was given by Ben Franklin, he said “if you want to persuade appeal to interest not to reason.” The self serving bias is so extreme. If the general counsel said, “l(fā)ook this is going to erupt, it’s something that will destroy you take away your money, take away your status it’s a perfect disaster”, it would have worked! You want to appeal to interest, you want to do it of lofty motives, but you should not avoid appealing to interest.

遇到這種情況，正確的說服技巧是本杰明·富蘭克林指出的那種，他說：“如果你想要說服別人，要訴諸利益，而非訴諸理性?！比祟愖晕曳盏钠檬菢O其強大的，應該被用來獲得正確的結果。所以總顧問應該說：“喂，如果這種情況再持續(xù)下去，會毀掉你的，會讓你身敗名裂，家破人亡。我的建議能夠讓你免于陷入萬劫不復之地?！边@種方法會生效的。你們應該多多訴諸利益，而不是理性，即使是當你們的動機很高尚的時候。

Another thing, perverse incentives. You don’t want to be in a perverse incentive system that’s causing you to behave more and more foolishly or worse and worse. Incentives are too powerful a controller of human cognition and human behavior and one of the things you are going to find in some modern law firms is billable hour quotas and I could not have lived under a billable hour quota of 2,400 hours a year. That would have caused serious problems for me I wouldn’t have done it and I don’t have a solution for you for that you have to figure it out for yourself but it’s a significant problem.

另外一種應該避免的事情是受到變態(tài)的激勵機制的驅動。你們不要處在一個你們表現(xiàn)得越愚蠢或者越糟糕，它就提供越多回報的變態(tài)激勵系統(tǒng)之中，變態(tài)的激勵機制具有控制人類行為的強大力量，人們應該避免受它影響。你們將來會發(fā)現(xiàn)，有些律師事務所規(guī)定的工作時間特別長，至少有幾家現(xiàn)代律師事務所是這樣的。如果每年要工作2,400個小時，我就沒法活了，那會給我?guī)碓S多問題，我不會接受這種條件。我沒有辦法對付你們中的某些人將會面對的這種局面，你們將不得不自行摸索如何處理這些重要的問題。

Perverse associations, also to be avoided. You particularly want to avoid working directly under somebody you really don’t admire and don’t want to be like. It’s very dangerous we are all subject to control to some extent our authority figures strictly authority figures that are rewarding us, and that requires some talent. 

變態(tài)的工作關系也是應該避免的，你們要特別避免在你們不崇敬或者不想像他一樣的人手下干活，那是很危險的。所有人在某種程度上都受到權威人物的控制，尤其是那些為我們提供回報的權威人物。要正確地應對這種危險，必須同時擁有才華和決心。

The way I solved that is I figured out the people I did admire and I maneuvered cleverly without criticizing anybody so I was working entirely under people I admired. And a lot of law firms will permit that if you’re shrewd enough to work it out and your outcome in life will be way more satisfactory and way better if you work under people you really admire, the alternative is not a good idea.

在我年輕的時候，我的辦法是找出我尊敬的人，然后想辦法調到他手下去，但是別批評任何人，這樣我通常能夠在好領導手下工作。許多律師事務所是允許這么做的，只要你們足夠聰明，能做得很得體。總之，在你們正確地仰慕的人手下工作，在生活中取得的成就將會更加令人滿意。

Objectivity maintenance. Well we all remember that Darwin paid special attention to disconfirming evidence particularly to disconfirm something he believed and loved.
Well objectivity maintenance routines are totally required in life if you’re going to be a correct thinker. And they were talking about Darwin’s attitude, special attention to the disconfirming evidence, and also to checklist routines. Checklist routines avoid a lot of errors. You should have all this elementary wisdom and then you should go through and have a checklist in order to use it. There is no other procedure that will work as well.

養(yǎng)成一些讓你能保持客觀公正的習慣當然對認知非常有幫助。我們都記得達爾文特別留意相反的證據(jù)，尤其是他證偽的是某種他信奉和熱愛的理論時。如果你們想要在思考的時候盡量少犯錯誤，就需要這樣的習慣。人們還需要養(yǎng)成核對檢查清單的習慣，核對檢查清單能避免很多錯誤，不僅僅對飛行員來說是如此。你們不應該光是掌握廣泛的基礎知識，而是應該把它們在頭腦中列成一張清單，然后再加以使用。沒有其他方法能取得相同的效果。

A last idea that I found very important is I realized very early that non-egality would work better in the parts of the world I wanted to inhabit. What do I mean by non-egality? I mean John Wood when he was the number one basketball coach in the world, he just said to the bottom five players, “you don’t get to play your spurring partners”, the top seven did the whole playing. Well the top seven learned more, remember the learning machine, because they were doing all the playing. And when he got to that system Wood won more than he’d ever won before.

另外一個我認為很重要的道理就是，將不平等最大化通常能夠收到奇效。這句話是什么意思呢？加州大學洛杉磯分校（UCLA）的約翰-伍登（JohnWooden）提供了一個示范性的例子。伍登曾經是世界上最優(yōu)秀的籃球教練。他對五個水平較低的球員說：“你們不會得到上場的時間——你們是陪練?！北荣悗缀醵际悄瞧邆€水平較高的球員在打的。嗯，這七個水平高的球員學到了更多——別忘了學習機器的重要性——因為他們獨享了所有的比賽時間。在他采用非平等主義的方法時，伍登比從前贏得了更多的比賽。

I think the game of life in many respects is getting a lot of practice into the hands of the people that have the most aptitude to learn and the most tendency to be learning machines. And if you want the very highest reaches of human civilization that’s where you have to go.
You do not want to choose a brain surgeon for your child among fifty applicants all of them just take turns during the procedure.
You don’t want your airplanes designed that way.
You don’t want your Berkshire Hathaway’s run that way.
You want to get the power into the right people.

我認為生活就像比賽也充滿了競爭，我們要讓那些最有能力和最愿意成為學習機器的人發(fā)揮最大的作用。如果你們想要獲得非常高的成就，你們就必須成為那樣的人。

你們不希望在50個輪流做手術的醫(yī)生中抓鬮抽一個來給你們的孩子做腦外科手術。

你們不希望你們的飛機是以一種太過平等主義的方式設計出來的。

你們也不希望你們的伯克希爾-哈撒韋采用這樣的管理方式。

你們想要讓最好的球員打很長時間的比賽。

I frequently tell the story of Max Planck when he won the Nobel prize and went around Germany giving lectures on quantum mechanics, and the chauffeur gradually memorized the lecture and he said, “would you mind professor Planck just, it’s so boring staying on our routines, would you mind if I gave the lecture this time and you just sat in front with my chauffeur’s hat?” And Planck said sure.

我經常講一個有關馬克斯-普朗克的笑話。普朗克獲得諾貝爾獎之后，到德國各地作演講，每次講的內容大同小異，都是關于新的量子物理理論的，時間一久，他的司機記住了講座的內容。司機說：“普朗克教授，我們老這樣也挺無聊的，不如這樣吧，到慕尼黑讓我來講，你戴著我的司機帽子坐在前排，你說呢？”普朗克說：“好啊?！?/span>

And the chauffeur got up and gave this long lecture on quantum mechanics after which a physics professor stood up in the rear and asked a perfectly ghastly question and the chauffeur said, “well I’m surprised that in an advanced city like Munich I get such an elementary question, I’m going to ask my chauffeur to reply.'

于是司機走上講臺，就量子物理發(fā)表了一通長篇大論。后來有個物理學教授站起來，提了一個非常難的問題。演講者說：“哇，我真沒想到，我會在慕尼黑這么先進的城市遇到這么簡單的問題。我想請我的司機來回答。”

Well the reason I tell that story is not entirely to celebrate the quick wittiness of the protagonist. In this world we have two kinds of knowledge, one is Planck knowledge, the people who really know, they paid the dues they have the aptitude. Then we got chauffeur knowledge, they have learned to prattle the talk. They have a big head of hair, they have a fine temper in the voice, they make a hell of an impression, but in the end they've got chauffeur knowledge… I think I’ve just described practically every politician in the United States.

好啦，我講這個故事呢，并不是為了表揚主角很機敏。我認為這個世界的知識可以分為兩種：一種是普朗克知識，它屬于那種真正懂的人。他們付出了努力，他們擁有那種能力。另外一種是司機知識。他們掌握了鸚鵡學舌的技巧；他們可能有漂亮的頭發(fā)；他們的聲音通常很動聽；他們給人留下深刻的印象。但其實他們擁有的是偽裝成真實知識的司機知識... ...我想我剛才實際上描繪了美國所有的政客。

And you are gonna have the problem in your life of getting the responsibility into the people of the Planck knowledge in a way for the people who have the chauffeur knowledge, and there are huge forces working against you.

如果你們在生活中想努力成為擁有普朗克知識的人，而避免成為擁有司機知識的人，你們將遇到這個問題。到時會有許多巨大的勢力與你們作對。

My generation has failed you to some extent. We are delivering to you in California a legislature where only the certified nuts from the left and the certified nuts from the right are allowed to serve and none of them are removable. That’s what my generation has done for you, but you wouldn’t like it to be too easy would you?

從某種程度上來講，我這代人辜負了你們，我們給你們留了個爛攤子，現(xiàn)在加利福尼亞州的立法機構里面大多數(shù)議員是左派的傻瓜和右派的傻瓜，這樣的人越來越多，而且他們沒有一個人是可以被請走的。這就是我這代人為你們做的事情。但是，你們不會喜歡太過簡單的任務，對吧？

Another thing that I found is an intense interest of the subject is indispensable if you are really going to excel. I could force myself to be fairly good in a lot of things, but I couldn’t be really good in anything where I didn’t have an intense interest, so to some extent you’re going to have to follow me. If at all feasible you want to drift into doing something in which you really have a natural interest.

另外一件我發(fā)現(xiàn)的事情是，如果你們真的想要在某個領域做得很出色，那么你們必須對它有強烈的興趣。我可以強迫自己把許多事情做得相當好，但我無法將我沒有強烈興趣的事情做得非常出色。從某種程度上來講，你們也跟我差不多。所以如果有機會的話，你們要想辦法去做那些你們有強烈興趣的事情。

Another thing you have to do of course is have a lot of assiduity. I like that word because it means sit down in your ass until you do it. I’ve had marvelous partners all my life. I think I got them partly because I tried to deserve them and partly because I was wise enough to select them and partly maybe it was some luck.

還有就是，你們一定要非常勤奮才行。我非常喜歡勤奮的人。我這輩子遇到的合伙人都極其勤奮。我想我之所以能夠和他們合伙，部分原因在于我努力做到配得起他們，部分原因在于我很精明地選擇了他們，還有部分原因是我運氣好。

But two partners that I chose for one little phase of my life had the following rule and they created a little designed build, construction team. And they sat down and said, 2 man partnership, divide everything equally, here’s the rule; “whenever we're behind in our commitments to other people we will both work 14 hours a day until we caught up.' Well needless to say that firm didn’t fail! The people died rich. It’s such a simple idea.

我早期的生意上曾經有過兩位合伙人，他們倆在大蕭條期間合資成立了一家建筑設計施工公司，達成了很簡單的協(xié)議?！斑@是個兩個人的合伙公司?！彼麄冋f，“一切平分。如果我們沒有完成對客戶的承諾，我們倆要每天工作14個小時，每星期工作7天，直到完成為止?！辈挥谜f你們也知道啦，這家公司做得很成功。我那兩位合伙人廣受尊敬。他們這種簡單的老派觀念幾乎肯定能夠提供一個很好的結果。

Another thing of course is life will have terrible blows, horrible blows, unfair blows, doesn’t matter. And some people recover and others don’t. And there I think the attitude of Epictetus is the best. He thought that every mischance in life was an opportunity to behave well, every mischance in life was an opportunity to learn something and your duty was not to be submerged in self-pity but to utilize the terrible blow in a constructive fashion. That is a very good idea.

另外一個你們要應付的問題是，你們在生活中可能會遭到沉重的打擊，不公平的打擊。有些人能挺過去，有些人不能。我認為愛比克泰德（Epictetus）的態(tài)度能夠引導人們作出正確的反應。他認為生活中的每一次不幸，無論多么倒霉，都是一個鍛煉的機會。他認為每一次不幸都是吸取教訓的良機。人們不應該在自憐中沉淪，而是應該利用每次打擊來提高自我。他的觀點是非常正確的，影響了最優(yōu)秀的羅馬帝國皇帝馬庫斯-奧勒留（Marcus Aurelius），以及隨后許多個世紀里許許多多其他的人。

You may remember the epitaph which Epictetus left for himself, “Here lies Epictetus, a slave maimed in body, the ultimate in poverty, and favored of the gods”. Well that’s the way Epictetus is now remembered. He said big consequences. And he was favorite of the Gods! He was favored because he became wise, and he became manly. Very good idea.

你們也許記得愛比克泰德自擬的墓志銘：“此處埋著愛比克泰德，一個奴隸，身體殘疾，極端窮困，蒙受諸神的恩寵?！编?，現(xiàn)在愛比克泰德就是這樣被銘記的：“蒙受諸神的恩寵?！闭f他蒙受恩寵，是因為他變成智者，變成頂天立地的男子漢，而且教育了其他人，包括他那個時代和隨后許多世紀的人。

I got a final little idea because I’m all for prudence as well as opportunism. My grandfather was the only federal judge in his city for nearly forty years and I really admired him. I’m his namesake. And I’m Confucian enough that even now I sit here and I’m saying, “well, Judge Munger would be pleased to see me here.'

我還有個道理簡單地說說。我的爺爺芒格曾是他所在城市唯一的聯(lián)邦法官，他擔任這個職位長達40年之久。我很崇拜他。我的名字跟他相同。我對他非常孝順，我剛才還在想：“芒格法官看到我在這里會很高興的?！?/span>

So I’m Confucian enough all these years after my grandfather is dead to carry the torch for my grandfather’s values. And grandfather Munger was a federal judge at the time and there were no pensions for widows of federal judges so he didn’t save from his income while my grandmother *unclear*. And being the kind of man he was he underspent his income all his life and left her in comfortable circumstances.

我爺爺去世許多年啦，我認為自己有責任接過火炬，傳達他的價值觀。他的價值觀之一是，節(jié)儉是責任的仆人。芒格爺爺擔任聯(lián)邦法官的時候，聯(lián)邦法官的遺孀是得不到撫恤金的。所以如果他賺了錢不存起來，我奶奶將會變成一個凄涼的寡婦。除此之外，家有余資也能讓他更好地服務別人。由于他是這樣的人，所以他終生量入為出，給他的遺孀留下了一個舒適的生活環(huán)境。

Along the way in the thirties my uncle’s bank failed and couldn’t reopen and my grandfather saved the bank by taking over a third of his assets, good assets, and putting them into the bank and taking up horrible assets in exchange. And of course it did save the bank and while my grandfather took a loss he got most of his money back eventually. But I’ve always remembered the example. And so when I got to college and I came across Houseman, I remember the little poem from Houseman that went something like this:

但這并非是他節(jié)儉的全部功效。我爺爺尚在人世的時候——那是1930年代的事情了——我叔叔的小銀行倒閉了，如果沒有外力的幫助，將無法重新開業(yè)。我爺爺用他的優(yōu)質資產的三分之一去交換那家銀行的劣質資產，從而拯救了它。我一直記得這件事情。這件事情讓我想起豪斯曼的一首短詩，那首詩好像是這樣的：

“The thoughts of others
were light and fleeting,
of lovers' meeting
Luck or fame.
Mine were of trouble,
And mine were steady,
And I was ready
When trouble came.'

別人的想法

是飄忽不定的

他們想著和戀人幽會

想走大運或出大名

我總是想著麻煩

我的想法是穩(wěn)重的

所以當麻煩來臨時

我早已做好準備

You can say, “who wants to go through life anticipating trouble?”. Well I did! All my life I’ve gone through life anticipating trouble and here I am well along on my 84th year and like Epictetus I’ve had a favored life. It didn't make me unhappy to anticipate trouble all the time and be ready to perform adequately if trouble came. It didn’t hurt me at all. In fact it helped me. So I quick claim to you Houseman and Judge Munger.

你們很可能會說：“誰會在生活中整天期待麻煩的到來啊？”其實我就是這樣的。在這漫長的一生中，我一直都在期待麻煩的到來?，F(xiàn)在我已經84歲啦。就像愛比克泰德，我也擁有一種蒙受恩寵的生活。我總是期待麻煩的到來，準備好麻煩來臨時如何對付它，這并沒有讓我感到不快樂。這根本對我沒有任何害處，實際上，這對我有很大的幫助。所以我要把豪斯曼和芒格法官的道理傳授給你們。

The last idea that I want to give you as you go out into a profession that frequently puts a lot of procedure and a lot of precautions and a lot of mumbo jumbo into what it does, this is not a fast form which civilization can reach. A fast form which civilization can reach is a seamless web of deserved trust. Not much procedure just totally reliable people correctly trusting one another. That’s the way an operating room works at the Mayo clinic.

由于在你們將要從事的行業(yè)中有大量的程序和繁文縟節(jié)，最后一個我想要告訴你們的道理是，復雜的官僚程序不是文明社會的最好制度。更好的制度是一張無縫的、非官僚的信任之網(wǎng)。沒有太多稀奇古怪的程序。只有一群可靠的人，他們彼此之間有正確的信任。那是瑪約醫(yī)療中心手術室的運作方式。

If a bunch of lawyers working *unclear* process the patients would all die. So never forget when you’re a lawyer that you may be rewarded for selling this stuff but you don’t have to buy it. In your own life what you want is a seamless web of deserved trust. And if your proposed marriage contract has 47 pages my suggestion is do not enter.

如果那里的醫(yī)生像律師那樣設立許多像法律程序那么繁瑣的規(guī)矩，更多的病人會死于非命。所以當你們成為律師的時候，永遠別忘記，雖然你們在工作中要遵守程序，但你不用總是被程序牽著鼻子走。你們生活在應該追求的是盡可能地培養(yǎng)一張無縫的信任之網(wǎng)。如果你們擬定的婚姻協(xié)議書長達47頁，那么我建議你們這婚還是不結為妙。

Well that’s enough for one graduation. I hope these ruminations of an old man are useful to you. In the end I’m like the Old Valiant-for-Truth in The Pilgrim’s Progress;
“My sword I leave to him who can wear it.'

好啦，在畢業(yè)典禮上講這么多已經夠啦。我希望這些老人的廢話對你們來說是有用的。最后，我想用《天路歷程》中那位真理劍客年老之后唯一可能說出的話來結束這次演講：“我的劍傳給能揮舞它的人。”

*迪安·艾奇遜：1893-1971年，美國著名政治家和律師，在制定美國冷戰(zhàn)時期外交政策上扮演過重要角色

*奧蘭治的沉默者威廉：William the Silentof Orange，1533-1584年，尼德蘭獨立戰(zhàn)爭中領導荷蘭人反抗西班牙人的統(tǒng)治，被尊為荷蘭國父

*豪斯曼：A.E.Housman,1859-1936,英國古典文學學者，詩人

Source：aisixiang.com,genius.com

Source：Google

【今日謎題】

下面這個圖塊，是用六塊相同的拼圖組合起來的，

請問這六塊相同的拼圖是什么形狀？以及它們是如何拼成這個圖塊的？

（請回復“拼圖”，以獲取答案。）