管理團(tuán)隊(duì)是跟蹤團(tuán)隊(duì)成員工作表現(xiàn),提供反饋,解決問(wèn)題并管理團(tuán)隊(duì)變更,以優(yōu)化項(xiàng)目績(jī)效的過(guò)程。本過(guò)程的主要作用是,影響團(tuán)隊(duì)行為、管理沖突以及解決問(wèn)題。本過(guò)程需要在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目期間開(kāi)展。
圖 9-12 描述本過(guò)程的輸入、工具與技術(shù)和輸出。圖 9-13 是本過(guò)程的數(shù)據(jù)流向圖。
圖 9-12管理團(tuán)隊(duì):輸入、工具與技術(shù)和輸出
圖 9-13管理團(tuán)隊(duì):數(shù)據(jù)流向圖
管理項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)需要借助多方面的管理和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力技能,來(lái)促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作,整合團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的工作,從而創(chuàng)建高效團(tuán)隊(duì)。進(jìn)行團(tuán)隊(duì)管理,需要綜合運(yùn)用各種技能,特別是溝通、沖突管理、談判和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)該向團(tuán)隊(duì)成員分配富有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù),并對(duì)優(yōu)秀績(jī)效進(jìn)行表彰。
項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)留意團(tuán)隊(duì)成員是否有意愿和能力完成工作,然后相應(yīng)地調(diào)整管理和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力方式。相對(duì)那些已展現(xiàn)出能力和有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員,技術(shù)能力較低的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員更需要強(qiáng)化監(jiān)督。
9.5.1 管理團(tuán)隊(duì):輸入
9.5.1.1 項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃
見(jiàn) 4.2.3.1 節(jié)。項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃組件包括(但不限于)資源管理計(jì)劃。見(jiàn) 9.1.3.1 節(jié),資源管理計(jì)劃為如何管理和最終遣散項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)資源提供指南。
9.5.1.2 項(xiàng)目文件
可作為本過(guò)程輸入的項(xiàng)目文件包括(但不限于):
- 問(wèn)題日志。見(jiàn) 4.3.3.3 節(jié)。在管理項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)過(guò)程中,總會(huì)出現(xiàn)各種問(wèn)題。此時(shí),可用問(wèn)題日志記錄由誰(shuí)負(fù)責(zé)在目標(biāo)日期內(nèi)解決特定問(wèn)題,并監(jiān)督解決情況。
- 經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)登記冊(cè)。見(jiàn) 4.4.3.1 節(jié)。項(xiàng)目早期的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)可以運(yùn)用到項(xiàng)目后期階段,以提高團(tuán)隊(duì)管理的效率與效果。
- 項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)派工單。見(jiàn) 9.3.3.1 節(jié)。項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)派工單識(shí)別了團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的角色與職責(zé)。
- 團(tuán)隊(duì)章程。見(jiàn) 9.1.3.2 節(jié)。團(tuán)隊(duì)章程為團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)如何決策、舉行會(huì)議和解決沖突提供指南。
9.5.1.3 工作績(jī)效報(bào)告
見(jiàn) 4.5.3.1 節(jié)。工作績(jī)效報(bào)告是為制定決策、采取行動(dòng)或引起關(guān)注所形成的實(shí)物或電子工作績(jī)效信息,它包括從進(jìn)度控制、成本控制、質(zhì)量控制和范圍確認(rèn)中得到的結(jié)果,有助于項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)管理???jī)效報(bào)告和相關(guān)預(yù)測(cè)報(bào)告中的信息,有助于確定未來(lái)的團(tuán)隊(duì)資源需求,認(rèn)可與獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),以及更新資源管理計(jì)劃。
9.5.1.4 團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)
見(jiàn) 9.4.3.1 節(jié)。項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)該持續(xù)地對(duì)項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效進(jìn)行正式或非正式的評(píng)價(jià)。不斷地評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效,有助于采取措施解決問(wèn)題、調(diào)整溝通方式、解決沖突和改進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)互動(dòng)。
9.5.1.5 事業(yè)環(huán)境因素
能夠影響管理團(tuán)隊(duì)過(guò)程的事業(yè)環(huán)境因素包括(但不限于)人力資源管理政策。
9.5.1.6 組織過(guò)程資產(chǎn)
能夠影響管理團(tuán)隊(duì)過(guò)程的組織過(guò)程資產(chǎn)包括(但不限于):
- 嘉獎(jiǎng)證書(shū);
- 公司制服;
- 組織中其他的額外待遇。
9.5.2 管理團(tuán)隊(duì):工具與技術(shù)
9.5.2.1 人際關(guān)系與團(tuán)隊(duì)技能
適用于本過(guò)程的人際關(guān)系與團(tuán)隊(duì)技能包括(但不限于):Interpersonal and team skills that can be used for this process include but are not limited to:
- 沖突管理。Conflict management. 在項(xiàng)目環(huán)境中,沖突不可避免。沖突的來(lái)源包括資源稀缺、進(jìn)度優(yōu)先級(jí)排序和個(gè)人工作風(fēng)格差異等。采用團(tuán)隊(duì)基本規(guī)則、團(tuán)隊(duì)規(guī)范及成熟的項(xiàng)目管理實(shí)踐(如溝通規(guī)劃和角色定義),可以減少?zèng)_突的數(shù)量。Conflict is inevitable in a project environment. Sources of conflict include scarce resources, scheduling priorities, and personal work styles. Team ground rules, group norms, and solid project management practices, like communication planning and role definition, reduce the amount of conflict.
成功的沖突管理可提高生產(chǎn)力,改進(jìn)工作關(guān)系。同時(shí),如果管理得當(dāng),意見(jiàn)分歧有利于提高創(chuàng)造力和改進(jìn)決策。假如意見(jiàn)分歧成為負(fù)面因素,應(yīng)該首先由項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員負(fù)責(zé)解決;如果沖突升級(jí),項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)提供協(xié)助,促成滿意的解決方案,采用直接和合作的方式,盡早并且通常在私下處理沖突。如果破壞性沖突繼續(xù)存在,則可使用正式程序,包括采取懲戒措施。Successful conflict management results in greater productivity and positive working relationships. When managed properly, differences of opinion can lead to increased creativity and better decision making. If the differences become a negative factor, project team members are initially responsible for their resolution. If conflict escalates,the project manager should help facilitate a satisfactory resolution. Conflict should be addressed early and usually in private, using a direct, collaborative approach. If disruptive conflict continues, formal procedures may be used, including disciplinary actions.
項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理解決沖突的能力往往決定其管理項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的成敗。不同的項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理可能采用不同的解決沖突方法。影響沖突解決方法的因素包括:The success of project managers in managing their project teams often depends on their ability to resolve conflict. Different project managers may use different conflict resolution methods. Factors that influence conflict resolution methods include: - 沖突的重要性與激烈程度;Importance and intensity of the conflict,
- 解決沖突的緊迫性;Time pressure for resolving the conflict,
- 涉及沖突的人員的相對(duì)權(quán)力;Relative power of the people involved in the conflict,
- 維持良好關(guān)系的重要性;Importance of maintaining a good relationship, and
- 永久或暫時(shí)解決沖突的動(dòng)機(jī)。Motivation to resolve conflict on a long-term or short-term basis.
有五種常用的沖突解決方法,每種技巧都有各自的作用和用途。There are five general techniques for resolving conflict. Each technique has its place and use: - 撤退/回避。Withdraw/avoid. 從實(shí)際或潛在沖突中退出,將問(wèn)題推遲到準(zhǔn)備充分的時(shí)候,或者將問(wèn)題推給其他人員解決。Retreating from an actual or potential conflict situation; postponing the issue to be better prepared or to be resolved by others.
- 緩和/包容。Smooth/accommodate. 強(qiáng)調(diào)一致而非差異;為維持和諧與關(guān)系而退讓一步,考慮其他方的需要。Emphasizing areas of agreement rather than areas of difference; conceding one’s position to the needs of others to maintain harmony and relationships.
- 妥協(xié)/調(diào)解。Compromise/reconcile. 為了暫時(shí)或部分解決沖突,尋找能讓各方都在一定程度上滿意的方案,但這種方法有時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致“雙輸”局面。Searching for solutions that bring some degree of satisfaction to all parties in order to temporarily or partially resolve the conflict. This approach occasionally results in a lose-lose situation.
- 強(qiáng)迫/命令。Force/direct. 以犧牲其他方為代價(jià),推行某一方的觀點(diǎn);只提供贏 — 輸方案。通常是利用權(quán)力來(lái)強(qiáng)行解決緊急問(wèn)題,這種方法通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致“贏輸”局面。Pushing one’s viewpoint at the expense of others; offering only win-lose solutions, usually enforced through a power position to resolve an emergency. This approach often results to a win-lose situation.
- 合作/解決問(wèn)題。Collaborate/problem solve. 綜合考慮不同的觀點(diǎn)和意見(jiàn),采用合作的態(tài)度和開(kāi)放式對(duì)話引導(dǎo)各方達(dá)成共識(shí)和承諾,這種方法可以帶來(lái)雙贏局面。Incorporating multiple viewpoints and insights from differing perspectives; requires a cooperative attitude and open dialogue that typically leads to consensus and commitment. This approach can result in a win-win situation.
- 制定決策。Decision making. 這種情況下,決策包括談判能力以及影響組織與項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)的能力,而不是決策工具集所描述的一系列工具。進(jìn)行有效決策需要:Decision making, in this context, involves the ability to negotiate and influence the organization and the project management team, rather than the set of tools described in the decision making tool set. Some guidelines for decision making include:
- 著眼于所要達(dá)到的目標(biāo);Focus on goals to be served,
- 遵循決策流程;Follow a decision-making process,
- 研究環(huán)境因素;Study the environmental factors,
- 分析可用信息;Analyze available information,
- 激發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造力;Stimulate team creativity, and
- 理解風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Account for risk.
- 情商。Emotional intelligence. 情商指識(shí)別、評(píng)估和管理個(gè)人情緒、他人情緒及團(tuán)體情緒的能力。項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)能用情商來(lái)了解、評(píng)估及控制項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的情緒,預(yù)測(cè)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的行為,確認(rèn)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的關(guān)注點(diǎn)及跟蹤團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的問(wèn)題,來(lái)達(dá)到減輕壓力、加強(qiáng)合作的目的。Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify, assess, and manage the personal emotions of oneself and other people, as well as the collective emotions of groups of people. The team can use emotional intelligence to reduce tension and increase cooperation by identifying, assessing, and controlling the sentiments of project team members, anticipating their actions, acknowledging their concerns, and following up on their issues.
- 影響力。在矩陣環(huán)境中,項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員通常沒(méi)有或僅有很小的命令職權(quán),所以他們適時(shí)影響相關(guān)方的能力,對(duì)保證項(xiàng)目成功非常關(guān)鍵。影響力主要體現(xiàn)在如下各方面:
- 說(shuō)服他人;
- 清晰表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng);
- 積極且有效的傾聽(tīng);
- 了解并綜合考慮各種觀點(diǎn);
- 收集相關(guān)信息,在維護(hù)相互信任的關(guān)系下,解決問(wèn)題并達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)。
- 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力。成功的項(xiàng)目需要強(qiáng)有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)、激勵(lì)團(tuán)隊(duì)做好本質(zhì)工作的能力。它包括各種不同的技巧、能力和行動(dòng)。且領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力在項(xiàng)目生命周期中的所有階段都很重要。有多種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力理論,定義了適用于不同情形或團(tuán)隊(duì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)風(fēng)格。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力對(duì)溝通愿景及鼓舞項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)高效工作十分重要。
9.5.2.2 項(xiàng)目管理信息系統(tǒng) (PMIS)
見(jiàn) 4.3.2.2 節(jié)。項(xiàng)目管理信息系統(tǒng)可包括資源管理或進(jìn)度計(jì)劃軟件,可用于在各個(gè)項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)中管理和協(xié)調(diào)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員。
9.5.3 管理團(tuán)隊(duì):輸出
9.5.3.1 變更請(qǐng)求
見(jiàn) 4.3.3.4 節(jié)。如果管理團(tuán)隊(duì)過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)變更請(qǐng)求,或者推薦措施、糾正措施或預(yù)防措施影響了項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃的任何組成部分或項(xiàng)目文件,項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理應(yīng)提交變更請(qǐng)求。并通過(guò)實(shí)施整體變更控制過(guò)程(見(jiàn) 4.6 節(jié))對(duì)變更請(qǐng)求進(jìn)行審查和處理。
例如,人員配備變更,無(wú)論是自主選擇還是由不可控事件造成,都會(huì)干擾項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì),這種干擾可能導(dǎo)致進(jìn)度落后或預(yù)算超支。人員配備變更包括轉(zhuǎn)派人員、外包部分工作,或替換離職人員。
9.5.3.2 項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃更新
項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃的任何變更都以變更請(qǐng)求的形式提出,且通過(guò)組織的變更控制過(guò)程進(jìn)行處理。可能需要變更的項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃組成部分包括(但不限于):
- 資源管理計(jì)劃。見(jiàn) 9.1.3.1 節(jié)。資源管理計(jì)劃根據(jù)實(shí)際的項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)更新。
- 進(jìn)度基準(zhǔn)。見(jiàn) 6.5.3.1 節(jié)??赡苄枰捻?xiàng)目進(jìn)度,以反映團(tuán)隊(duì)的執(zhí)行方式。
- 成本基準(zhǔn)。見(jiàn) 7.3.3.1 節(jié)??赡苄枰捻?xiàng)目成本基準(zhǔn),以反映團(tuán)隊(duì)的執(zhí)行方式。
9.5.3.3 項(xiàng)目文件更新
可在本過(guò)程更新的項(xiàng)目文件包括(但不限于):
- 問(wèn)題日志。見(jiàn) 4.3.3.3 節(jié)。在本過(guò)程中提出的新問(wèn)題可以記錄到問(wèn)題日志中。
- 經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)登記冊(cè)。見(jiàn) 4.4.3.1 節(jié)。更新經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)登記冊(cè),記錄在項(xiàng)目中遇到的挑戰(zhàn)、本應(yīng)可以規(guī)避這些挑戰(zhàn)的方法,以及良好的團(tuán)隊(duì)管理方式。
- 項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)派工單。見(jiàn) 9.3.3.1 節(jié)。如果需要對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)做出變更,則在項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)派工單中記錄這些變更。
9.5.3.4 事業(yè)環(huán)境因素更新
作為管理團(tuán)隊(duì)過(guò)程的結(jié)果,需要更新的事業(yè)環(huán)境因素包括(但不限于):
- 對(duì)組織績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)的輸入;
- 個(gè)人技能。