破解高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解長(zhǎng)難句的方法
高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的文章大都選自英語(yǔ)原版材料，文中含有一些長(zhǎng)難句，比較難以理解，對(duì)做題會(huì)有影響。沒(méi)關(guān)系，看看突破高考英語(yǔ)閱讀長(zhǎng)難句的5大招，再瞅瞅歷年高考長(zhǎng)難句精析，10分鐘就能教你搞定高考英語(yǔ)中的那些長(zhǎng)難句。
英語(yǔ)句子之所以難以理解，有許多原因，其中一個(gè)主要原因是句子太長(zhǎng)或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。句子過(guò)長(zhǎng)或者復(fù)雜通常是該句除了主干之外還包含了一些附加部分，如插入語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、分隔現(xiàn)象、各種從句或較長(zhǎng)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)等等。下面我們來(lái)談?wù)剮追N英語(yǔ)閱讀長(zhǎng)難句的處理方法。
方法1：找謂語(yǔ)，定主語(yǔ)
一般情況下，一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)形式的動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)其動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者(主語(yǔ))，我們可以根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的意義來(lái)確定其主語(yǔ)。而且，如果一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的謂語(yǔ)形式的動(dòng)詞，則該句可以是并列句或復(fù)合句(并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的情況除外)。如：
People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations.
【句意】二十一年來(lái)，象牙交易一直被明令禁止，人們擔(dān)心削弱這一禁令會(huì)助長(zhǎng)非法捕獵，導(dǎo)致大象數(shù)量減少。
【分析】that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是encourage和hurt，根據(jù)邏輯意義，可知encourage和hurt 的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。
方法2：提主干，去枝葉(從句、狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)等)
一般情況下，一個(gè)句子中的主句所表達(dá)的信息為主要信息，從句、狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)等所表達(dá)的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來(lái)，就不能完全把握句子的核心意義，從而導(dǎo)致思維混亂，主次不分。如：
Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 15-year research project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands of teenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s.
【句意】來(lái)自薩塞克斯大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們分析了國(guó)家青少年健康縱向研究的研究結(jié)果，這項(xiàng)研究是一個(gè)歷時(shí)15年的課題，它記錄了數(shù)千名在美國(guó)20世紀(jì)90年代中期上中學(xué)的一組青少年的財(cái)產(chǎn)情況。
【分析】句子主干為Economists analysed findings。from the University of Sussex 作economists的定語(yǔ)；from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 作findings的定語(yǔ)；a 15-year research project作the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health的同位語(yǔ)；charting...作project 的定語(yǔ)；who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾teenagers。
方法3：尋關(guān)聯(lián)，辨邏輯
一些長(zhǎng)句其實(shí)是由若干分句組成的并列句或復(fù)合句。而這些并列句或復(fù)合句之間需要一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞來(lái)連接。如果我們找準(zhǔn)這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞，就能夠弄清楚句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，分別弄清主句的意義和從句的意義，則長(zhǎng)句就容易對(duì)付得多了。要掌握此方法必須對(duì)英語(yǔ)中的常見(jiàn)的關(guān)聯(lián)詞諳熟于心。如：
Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a huge effect on your self growth as it is a measure of how well you can respect authority and obey requirements.
【句意】你與教授相處是否融洽對(duì)你的自身發(fā)展起著重要的作用，因?yàn)檫@是衡量你是否尊重權(quán)威和服從要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
【分析】此句為復(fù)合句，句中whether引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，as 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，how well 引導(dǎo)從句作介詞of 的賓語(yǔ)。
方法4：看搭配，防分隔
有時(shí)一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句或難句是由一個(gè)或多個(gè)搭配構(gòu)成，而且這些搭配中常常出現(xiàn)分隔現(xiàn)象。讀者若受分隔現(xiàn)象的干擾而看不清句子的本來(lái)面目，則對(duì)句意的理解就會(huì)發(fā)生偏差。如：
Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products, to some degree, their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising.
【句意】一些公司把生產(chǎn)的衛(wèi)生的、安全的產(chǎn)品，從某種程度上說(shuō)，當(dāng)作他們的賣(mài)點(diǎn)，并在廣告中強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)。
【分析】其實(shí)本句是一個(gè)"主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)"句型"make+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)"，即"使……成為……"，只不過(guò)賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)被"to some degree"隔開(kāi)而已。
方法5：關(guān)鍵詞，抓線(xiàn)索
有時(shí)某些句子句意模糊，讓人理不清頭緒，這時(shí)只能依靠關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)抓，從而在大體上搞清楚句意。
Miss Dermain’s mother looked anxious throughout the wedding and Mr. Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted.
【句意】Dermain的媽媽在整個(gè)婚禮顯得很焦慮，據(jù)說(shuō)Cordell 的父母的情緒也不是很高漲。
總之，在碰到長(zhǎng)句和難句時(shí)，要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活運(yùn)用上述方法，在平時(shí)閱讀過(guò)程中要加強(qiáng)對(duì)長(zhǎng)句和難句的句法分析訓(xùn)練。有時(shí)要幾種方法綜合使用才能正確理解句意。如：
The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions.
【句意】一種文化背景下的人不像另一種文化背景下的人一樣直率地表達(dá)他們的情感，這一事實(shí)并不意味著他們沒(méi)有這些情感。
【分析】本句的主干為T(mén)he fact does not mean that...，其中，that they do not experience emotions是從句作mean的賓語(yǔ)。that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another為fact的同位語(yǔ)從句，其中as do members of another是狀語(yǔ)從句，助動(dòng)詞do位于主語(yǔ)members of another 前形成倒裝，主語(yǔ)后省略了express their emotions。
★2016—2013年高考英語(yǔ)真題閱讀理解長(zhǎng)難句精析21句
1. 2016·全國(guó)卷I·B篇
Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.
【分析】but前面是第一分句，but后面是第二分句。動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)Having your grandchildren far away是第一分句的主語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)especially knowing your adult child is struggling是第一分句中的狀語(yǔ)；動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)giving up the life you know是第二分句的主語(yǔ)，you know是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the life。
【譯文】與孩子們距離遠(yuǎn)是痛苦的，尤其是知道你的成年子女日子艱難，但是放棄你熟悉的生活可能會(huì)更艱難。
2. 2016·全國(guó)卷I·C篇
For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.
【分析】For this courier job是介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)；that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life是賓語(yǔ)從句，in that box是賓語(yǔ)從句中的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，you’ve got something是賓語(yǔ)從句中的主謂賓；that is potentially going to save somebody’s life是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的something。
【譯文】對(duì)于這份傳遞員的工作而言，你會(huì)自覺(jué)地意識(shí)到你手中的那個(gè)箱子裝著可能挽救某人生命的東西。
3. 2016·全國(guó)卷I·D篇
Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.
【分析】when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，what may be implied是主語(yǔ)從句，what在主語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing是表語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句中含有賓語(yǔ)從句what has been said before continuing，what在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。
【譯文】所以當(dāng)一個(gè)來(lái)自這些文化之一的人在講話(huà)時(shí)突然停住了，可能那個(gè)人是在繼續(xù)(講話(huà))之前暗示聽(tīng)眾去思考他之前說(shuō)了什么。
4. 2016·全國(guó)卷II·B篇
His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.
【分析】句中that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，且whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾an unexpected teaching assistant。
【譯文】他的存在意味著我在班級(jí)有一位意想不到的教學(xué)助手，并且他的創(chuàng)造力會(huì)感染其他的學(xué)生。
5. 2016·全國(guó)卷II·C篇
Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
【分析】句中現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)hoping that...在句中作狀語(yǔ)，且其中的that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，且從句中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)traveling...在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，而who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾each new reader。
【譯文】然后，這個(gè)人把它放在一個(gè)公共場(chǎng)所，希望這本書(shū)會(huì)經(jīng)歷一次冒險(xiǎn)，與發(fā)現(xiàn)它的每一位新讀者到處旅行。
6. 2016·全國(guó)卷III·A篇
CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.
【分析】本句為一個(gè)含有較長(zhǎng)介詞短語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句，including至句末為介詞短語(yǔ)，performances后的"by..."是介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，presenting Baroque through modern music為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作名詞的后置定語(yǔ)。
【譯文】CCM組織了多樣的活動(dòng)，包括知名的LaSalle四重奏樂(lè)團(tuán)和CCM愛(ài)樂(lè)管弦樂(lè)團(tuán)的演出，還有各種代表巴羅克風(fēng)格到現(xiàn)代音樂(lè)的音樂(lè)家團(tuán)體所進(jìn)行的演出。
7. 2016·全國(guó)卷III·B篇
Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(團(tuán)聚).
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句，逗號(hào)前為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)從句"that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(團(tuán)聚)"在句中修飾先行詞the turn of events.
【譯文】在返回市區(qū)賓館的途中，韋爾蒂的大都市的朋友們驚訝于他們活動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)變，他們的聚會(huì)早已由紐約式的宴會(huì)變成了密西西比人的地方性團(tuán)聚。
8. 2016·全國(guó)卷III·B篇
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus.
【分析】句中的"Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats"與"Welty’s people"構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系，三個(gè)from介詞短語(yǔ)與come連用，表明小說(shuō)中人物角色來(lái)源的多面性。
【譯文】Welty小說(shuō)中的角色——美容師、酒吧招待、鋼琴演奏者及那些戴著紫色帽子的人——源自于她與老朋友共度的下午，源自于她在土生土長(zhǎng)的密西西比州杰克遜城的大街小巷散步的過(guò)程中，還源自于她在公交車(chē)上無(wú)意間聽(tīng)到的閑談。
9. 2016·全國(guó)卷III·C篇
To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.
【分析】本句主干為it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence，句中不定式短語(yǔ)作真正的主語(yǔ)，it為形式主語(yǔ)；該句前面為介詞短語(yǔ)To people，而people后又接了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，該句后面為such as短語(yǔ)，用于舉例。
【譯文】對(duì)于那些已習(xí)慣了選擇超市里有限的蘋(píng)果種類(lèi)如Golden Delicious和Royal Gala的人來(lái)說(shuō)，目睹Decio這種過(guò)去由羅馬人種植的傳統(tǒng)蘋(píng)果品種如今依然存在可能會(huì)令他們大開(kāi)眼界。
10. 2016·全國(guó)卷III·D篇
Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消極的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.
【分析】本句為連詞but連接的兩個(gè)并列分句，第一個(gè)分句為含有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句，主句的主語(yǔ)是Researchers，其后的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)analyzing word-of-mouth communication作定語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)是found，后面是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句；第二個(gè)分句也是一個(gè)含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。
【譯文】分析口述交際如電子郵件、網(wǎng)帖、評(píng)論和面談的研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，它傾向于更積極而不是消極(的內(nèi)容)，但這并不一定意味著人們更偏愛(ài)積極的消息。
11. 2015·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷I·B篇
These were the real deal — and at that moment, I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn’t be experiencing again for months.
【分析】破折號(hào)后面的句子對(duì)前句進(jìn)行解釋。破折號(hào)后為主從復(fù)合句。主句I realized 后跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，在賓語(yǔ)從句中含有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞things。
【譯文】這些都是貨真價(jià)實(shí)的瓜果蔬菜——就在那一刻，我意識(shí)到，薩拉索塔的冬天最美妙之處在于可以吃到新鮮的瓜果蔬菜，而我一旦回到紐約的家中，連續(xù)幾個(gè)月都無(wú)法品嘗到這些瓜果蔬菜。
12. 2015·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷II·A篇
I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit.
【分析】這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。連詞because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)該從句又包含了一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞clothes。
【譯文】我能夠在一年多前買(mǎi)下它(電視機(jī))是因?yàn)槲易屛业挠H戚們?cè)谖疑諘r(shí)給我錢(qián)而不是買(mǎi)大量不合身的衣服。
13. 2015·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷II·B篇
Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(難為情) when they’re in poorly lit places — and so more likely to eat lots of food.
【分析】這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。for為并列連詞，表示原因，when在句中引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
【譯文】昏暗的環(huán)境更有可能刺激人們暴飲暴食，因?yàn)樵谶@種光線(xiàn)暗淡的地方人們往往會(huì)不那么難為情，所以就更有可能吃大量的食物。
14. 2015·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷II·C篇
The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.
【分析】主語(yǔ)是The gap-year phenomenon，謂語(yǔ)是originated，后面是介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。
【譯文】間隔年現(xiàn)象起源于牛橋申請(qǐng)者在十一月入學(xué)考試和下一個(gè)學(xué)年開(kāi)始前的這幾個(gè)月。
15. 2015·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷II·D篇
Visit the palace and its various historic gardens, which include the famous maze(迷宮) where it is easy to get lost!
【分析】這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。定語(yǔ)從句which include the famous maze修飾先行詞historic gardens，定語(yǔ)從句where it is easy to get lost修飾先行詞maze。
【譯文】(你可以)參觀(guān)宮殿和各種(皇家)歷史花園，花園中有著名的迷宮，在那里(游客)容易迷失方向！
16. 2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷II·A篇
He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.
【分析】這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。lost and lonely in a strange city做伴隨狀語(yǔ)；thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country是現(xiàn)在分詞做伴隨狀語(yǔ)；while trying to settle down in a new one是狀語(yǔ)從句的省略。
【譯文】他向警方報(bào)案，然后坐在那里，很失落，在陌生的城市也很孤單，想想從一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的國(guó)家把那么多文件重新整理一遍會(huì)有多大麻煩，而自己還要試圖在一個(gè)新的國(guó)度安家。
17. 2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷II·B篇
We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it," says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.
【分析】這是直接引語(yǔ)。引語(yǔ)部分含有主從復(fù)合句，there even was an environment是賓語(yǔ)從句，let alone that there was a problem with it是平行結(jié)構(gòu)。
【譯文】美國(guó)地球日主席Bruce Anderson說(shuō)，“那時(shí)候我們根本就不知道環(huán)境，更不用說(shuō)知道環(huán)境有問(wèn)題了?！?/font>
18. 2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷II·C篇
The popularity of au pairs from China has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children to learn Chinese.
【分析】這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞parent。
【譯文】隨著越來(lái)越多的美國(guó)父母希望自己的孩子學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)，來(lái)自中國(guó)的互惠生受歡迎這一趨勢(shì)一直在加強(qiáng)。
19 2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ·B篇
Soon, groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University, and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.
【分析】本句很長(zhǎng)，卻是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，句子主干是：groups of students were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre。
【譯文】不久，一批批的學(xué)生，首先是來(lái)自愛(ài)丁堡大學(xué)的學(xué)生，接著便是牛津、劍橋、達(dá)勒姆和伯明翰的大學(xué)的學(xué)生，每年夏天來(lái)到蘇格蘭首府，在小教堂中為愛(ài)丁堡人表演一些不太為人所知的作家的戲劇。
20. 2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ·C篇
Given that many people’s moods (情緒)are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate, it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drugstore of Chinese medicine.
【分析】given是介詞，意為"鑒于，考慮到"，Given that...作狀語(yǔ)。主句是it was probably only a matter of time，意為"……可能只是個(gè)時(shí)間問(wèn)題"。
【譯文】鑒于許多人的情緒受巧克力化學(xué)作用的控制，或許使巧克力店像中藥店一樣（人們能購(gòu)買(mǎi)巧克力治?。┲皇莻€(gè)時(shí)間問(wèn)題。
21. 2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ·D篇
Some gift companies such as Presents for Purpose allow you to pay it forward this Mother’s Day by picking gifts in which 10 percent of the price you pay goes to a charity (慈善機(jī)構(gòu)).
【分析】本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：Some gift companies allow you to pay it forward this Mother’s Day。句中的"in which 10 percent of the price you pay goes to a charity"是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞gifts。
【譯文】一些禮品公司，如Presents for Purpose允許你在今年母親節(jié)前預(yù)付款，你所挑選的禮品，其價(jià)格的10%將捐給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。（中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)）
